Geotech

 index 

PART -1  ( Basic Soil mechanics)

1.Origin of soil 

2. Basic properties and relation of soil 

3. index properties of soil 

4. clay minerology  & soil structural 

5. soil classification 

PART-2  (Soil hydraulics)

6.Permeability of soil

7.Effective Stress

8.Seepage through soil

PART-3 (Stress & Strength Analysis of soil)

9.Vertical stress Distribution

10.Consolidation of Soil

11.Compaction of Soil

12.Shear Strength of Soil

PART-4 (Foundation Engineering)

13.Lateral Earth Pressure

14.Stability of Slops 

15.Shallow Foundation (Bearing Capacity) 

16.Pile Foundation

17.Soil exploration & Ground improvement technics

 

         Chapter -1    Origin of  soil  

Structure of mechanics =solid   ,          fluid mechanics = fluid 

⇒  solid property +fluid  property = soil property 

⇒Soil mechanic is the youngest branch of civil engineering 200 years

      -soil mechanics as a subject is a practical second getter  then purely fundamental for                mathematical one

 * foundation engineering

       -It is the branch of civil engineering which associated with design construction and                 maintenance of foundation.

                  Foundation design

                             ⥥    

   A- Soil bearing capacity          

   B- structural. -1 size of footing

                         -2 types of footing

                         -3 reinforcement

👉  Geotech 

A) Soil mechanics 

       -basic property 

      - beheviour of soil 

      -strength of soil

B) foundation engineering

        -Foundation

👉 what is the soil

         -soil is a naturally accuring material particulate material un consolidation material                     which forms do you to weathering of rocks and decomposition of organic matter

         - Consolidation

         -un consolidation :- gap is there always voids are present in soil.

          Soil= solid + voids

         -weathering is known as a disintegration  also

•  Integration =sum of all

* Soil solid particle 

      - disintegration of Rock ~in organic soil

       -decomposition of organic matter ~  organic soil

*Voids present in soil

      -total volume of soil Vt=V= Vsolid+ Vvoids

                   V= Vs+Vv

                - Vv= Va+Vw

                - V= Vs+Va+Vw 

👉Note:- in soil always solid as well as well as void will present

* Soil foundation

⇒weathering of rock

* Physical weathering

       -impact and grinding action of water

       -temperature change and humidity

       -wind and air

       -ice freezing and throwing

       -due to some gravitational force.           (ex:- earthquake)

* Chemical weathering

       A -oxidation 

       B -reduction 

       C-carbonation

       D -hydraulicon 

       E-leaching

* Chemical weathering

          - Due to some kind of chemical reaction the disintegration of Rock will take place

(A)-Oxidation - presence  of oxygen

(B)-Reduction -absence of oxygen 

(C)-Carbonation -the reduction which takes plane  with the carbon  dioxide (CO2)

(D)-Hydration- the reaction with takes place  with water 

(E)- leaching- washing out of salt because  of water  from  rock is leaching 

             OR 

    - Washing out of file suspended particle of solubles particle from rock with the help of            water is known as leaching

* Soil formation

         -"Soil formation cycle is known as the pendogenesis.

         - parent rock- weathering -transpiration - deposition-Uphewel

👉Note :-   if after weathering of rock the soil is retained over parent rock or transported                         very  near bye d parent rock it is termed reschedule soil or (sedimentary soil) 

                  -residual soil which remain in plus directly over the parent Rock are relatively                         shallow in death

👉Note :-

  ⇒ transported soil:-

      (1)If after the weathering of rock the soil carrier away from parent rock it is termed as               transported soil

      (2)if will observed that relatively higher depth compare to reschedule  soil

          -transporting agencies like water, ice, wind, animal, human, plant ,gravity force etc

     (3)if the soil is a format due to physical weathering there is a no change in minerals                    constituen

  -Ex:- course granite soil,- gravel  sends

     (4) if the soil is format do you to chemical weathering it is a mineral constitute gets                     change 

   Ex:- fine granite soil ,clay soil, silt

         -player having charge because of chemical weathering 

   👉Types of soil

       (1) alluvial soil

             -transported soil 

             -transported by running water (rever)

             - physical weathering of Rock (inorganic) - rounded particle

             - smoothing texture 

             -course to final Soil 

*example :- near the river bank  

                      (North India)

       (2) Lacustrine soil

            - deposited in fress and steel weather of lake

            -Ex:- lake bed near lake

            -Soil surrounding the lake

  *Ex:- in India Udaipur, Bhopal etc

      (3) Marine soil

           -deposited in sea water 

           - observed in coastal resin like a Mumbai, Chennai, Goa .

           -highly compressible soil

* Marine clay

          -natural water contain of marine clay generally various form 39% to 129%

👉Note :- but some typical Marine clay ever water contain as a high as 400%

                 (Pacific Ocean clay's) 

   (4) Aeoline  soil

        - transported by flowing wind

   Ex:- Rajasthan

    (5) glacial soil

      - transported by following ice

      -process of formation of soil from glaciers is known as "drift"

      -glaciers -  ice water using from melting of ice

      - the glacier deposit deposited soil consist of the stratified layered

  (6) colluvial soil

       -transported by gravitational force

       - observed at the bottom of the mountain

       - particle size will be comparatively bigger 

       -it is the also known as "mountain soil" 

       - it is also termed as telus Soil 

           North East India  and North  India

 (7) Loess  soil 

     - transported by wind 

Ex:- Aeoline soil 

     - it is the any formali great soil with silts only for silty clay

    -it is a cemented by calcium compound at like a lime caco3 gypsum.

    - cemented :- to give the binding property to soil particle

    - it is also termed as "collapsible soil"           sudden decrease in volume

 (8) Marl soil

     - it is the fine granite soil calcium carbonate soil which is the originated from Marine               (sea water)

     -it is organic soil :- plant animals *example:- coastal area, Iceland,                                              (Andaman, Lakshadweep)

  (9) tuff soil

       -it is a fine granite soil which is slightly cemented by volcanoic Ash transported by                 wind or water

       - it is format due to weathering of igneous   Rock for physical weathering is found due            to volcanic eruption.

 (10) bentonite Soil

       -it is format due to chemical weathering of igneous rock .

       -it is format for volcanic as 

       -it is residual soil 

       -it consist of access amount of Montmorilionite mineral (clay mineral)  

       -high amount of swelling and shrinkage will take place  

       -it is highly compressible soil 

       -it is a very good lubricant 

       - it is a highly plastic soil ( bentonite slurry)

(11)  laterite soil

        -It is format due to leaching of silicon aluminium and ferric oxide chemical weathering

    👉 example Western ghats and eastern Ghat

(12) Muck soil

       -it is a mixture of fine  inorganic a particle and black decomposit organic matter 

👉example :-river bank where crope field is present

⇒ At delta- river in organic fine particle 

⇒ ocean- because decomposition of dead body of           plant and animal (organic matter)

👉Note:- muck soil will observed at delta

(13)Peat soil :-

     -It is highly organic soil which almost entirely consist of decomposition vegetation                 matter in different stage

     -because of that peat soil is known as highly fiberus soil

     -It is a organic soil so volume change will be very high that why it is also a compressible         soil .

(14) loam soil

       -it is mixture of sand soil and clay 

       - 3-phase soil :- water ,air , solid

       - beste soil for vegetation

(15) Gumbo soil

       -it is black sticky plastic soil

       - it is a extremely dark colour soil that's why known as black soil 

       -it is the also organic soil

(16) Black cotton soil

       -it is a residual showing it is format due to chemical weathering of besalt Rock which             is  an in engineers Rock type of Rock it has excess  amount of amount clay mineral               because of which high amount of swelling and linkage will take place 

       -it is suitable for growth of cotton

       - it is found in Central India

 (17) Varved clay

       -it is a stratified type of soil 

       -it contain alternate layer of silt and clay 

       -varved clay is format in clacial  lakes

       -in summer melting rate high ,high velocity turbulence high big particle can settle 

       -winter melting rate decrease turbulence decrease small particle can also settle

👉Note :-

           -the soil which contain alternative layer of summer and winter

(18)  Moorum soil

       -it is a gravel which mixed with red clay - red clay the soil which contains access                    amount of iron oxide (fabric oxide)

👉 Red clay formation

        - leaching :-

                 due to leaching of iron oxide from rock this soil formation

(19) Undurated soil

      -Soil add water soft soil, removing water to hard soil

      -because of moderate to high temperature and pressure the water will be prepoorized             from soil and because of that we will get extreme dry soil 

      -the soil which become hard due to moderate to high temperature and pressure is known         as undrated soil

(20) Cumulose  soil

       -The mixture of PID soil and Mac soil is termed as cumulose soil 

👉Note:- 

          it is an organic soil

(21) Till soil

      -it is an unstatified deposit format by melting of a glacier this particle consists of                      particle  of different of size ranging from boulder  to clay

      -this soil is generally will greded it can be easily densited by complexion

      - till is also known as boulder clay soil

(22) Sand dunes

       -transported by wind

 👉example :-

                  Aeoline

            These are composite of relatively uniformaly particles of (fine sand to medium send)

👉Note:- 

             as the soil is uniformly graded much the compressible 

            observed in desert 

compression :- Soil volume is loss

(23) Humus soil

      -it is a dark brown soil which consist of partly half decomposit organic matter

      - it is a not suitable for engineering work

👉force acting on the individual particle of soil

(A)- Gravitational force

       -which is the directly proportional to the mass

       - size of particle increase gravitational

         force increase

        -gravitational force are praduminated in gravel and sand

(B)- Sarface force

      -bonding force 

👉Ex: 

         electrical force, chemical force, magnetic force, electromagnetic force, surface force,             predominant in clay

👉Note:-

      - in the case of silty soil both gravitational and surface forces are equally important.

      - as the size of partially decreases more the strength charge available on the surface of            the particles

      Chepter -2   Basic properties and relation of soil