SURVEYING

•  INDEX

1. INTRODUTION 
2. LINEAR MESUREMENT & CHAIN SURVEYING
3. COMPASS SURVEYING 
4. PLANE TABBLE 
5. THEODOLITE 
6. TRAVERSE SURVEY
7. LEVELLING &CONTOURIING 
8. CURVES 
9. AREA & VOLUMES
10. TECHOMETRIC  SURVEY 
11. PHOTOGRAMMETRY SURVEY 
12. GIS,GPS,&RS
13. FIELD  ASTRONOMY                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              chaper -1  👉  introduction                   surveying  is the art of determining the relative  position  of point on above or beneath  the surface of earth  by  mean of direct & indirect measurement  of distance ,direction & elevation (v).                                                                                                 distance (H), direction ( $) , elevation (V)                                                                                                                                                                                                ⇰    The object of surveying to prepare map &plan .                                                          Types of surveying
    1) based on accuracy required ( plane survey)
            - curvature of earth is not considered 
            - area = small
            -You said when are high degree of precision and accuracy is not required
    ⇒ plum bomb line :-
            -perpendicular line to the surface of Earth line joining centre of earth
    2) Geodetic survey                                                                                                                                               

    

    
    
           -where a curvature of earth is considered
           -area =large
           -plumb line interactive a centre of earth
           - used  where high degree of precisions is  required
           -line connecting 2 points is one arch and angle between them =spherical angle
           -Geodic survey is considered an area more than 250 km squar 
          -the object of zodiac survey is 2 determine the precise position on the surface          of Earth of a system of widely distance point which survey of less precision             and may be referred (plane survey)
    ⇒which form the control point and station to which survey
            -caried out by survey of India
     Q-1
          Geodetic survey is used for...
    Answer-  getting control point for horizontal control
    
    
    ⇒ Basic on nature of field (place)
    (A) land survey:- (on the surface of Earth )
    (1) topographical survey:- 
            -horizontal and vertical locations of certain objective by linear and angular             measurement
             -natural:- river ,stream, Lake ,wood ,hill  etc
            -artificial :-road ,railway, canal, town and village.
    (2) Cadestral survey:- (border)
            -to know and fix the proper line
       example:-
           - boundary of municipal and state
    (3) City survey
            -To provide any service in a city :-
            -Construction of streets sewers etc
            -Water supply system
    (B) Hydrographic survey :-(Marine survey)
           -deals with the bodies of water
          -work :-determination of discharge of streams data of the depth of water in             river and ocean tides
         -application :- navigation, water supply for Township work determination of           MSL
    (C) Astronomical survey
          -Determining the absolute location of any point on the surface of earth by                observation to Sun or any fixed star
    3)  besed on object of survey :-
    (A) Geological survey
          -surface + sarface information
    (B) Engineering survey:-
            Data for designing of engineering structure 
            example :-elevation ,location earthwork calculations, of  material calculation
    (C) Military survey
             Point of strategic importance.
    (D) Mine survey
           Exploring the mineral weadth
    (E) Archaeological survey
          Infor abouts ancient moment town villages temples for history and culture of         past civilization
    (4) based on instrument used
    (A) chain survey :- (linear measurement)
           Ex:- sewer line, water supply, construction of road and railway etc
    (B) traverse  survey :- linear + angular measurement
     Ex:- dam ,reservoir ,building ,lake area etc
    (C) levelling :- elevation of different point
          - staff and levels are used 
      Ex:- preparation of contour map
    (D) Tacheometey
           - Horizontal and vertical distance
           - indirect measurement
    (E) plane table
           Traversing linear and angular
    (F) Triangulations
          Area is divided into number of triangle
    (G) electronic distance measurement device                                                                         - D= v * t (sonar technic )
           - distance measured by wave propagation reflector and subsequent reception
      Ex:- Tellarometer distance geodimetr  etc
    (H) Total station:- theodolite + EDM
          - all work angle  horizontal distance vertical distance
    (I)   Satellite survey:-  GPS, GIS RS etc
    (J) PHOTOGRAMETRY SURVEY  :-
          By Ariel photograph for preparing map of large area and remote places
    ⇒ Principal off surveying :-
           -Work from ball to part 
           -large measurement   =majority with high degree of precision
           -Small measurement  = laser degree and recession
           - length increase  error decrease
           -help in preventation of accumulations of error